Kidney stones are solid deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys, sometimes affecting any part of the urinary tract. This common condition is noted for episodes of acute pain, which often arise when stones move or obstruct urine flow. These stones may go unnoticed or provoke significant discomfort and possible infection. Early identification and appropriate management are effective at minimizing complications for most individuals.
What Are Kidney Stones?
Kidney stones are solid formations that develop in the kidneys when minerals and salts present in urine concentrate and bind together. These stones can range remarkably in size. While some stones pass through the urinary system with little notice, others can cause significant discomfort, pain, or even infection if they become obstruct the urinary tract.
The severity of symptoms often depends on the size and position of the stone. Kidney stones are classified by their chemical makeup, with calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cystine types representing the most common categories. Identifying the composition of a stone plays a role in understanding its formation and planning appropriate management.
What Causes Them?
The process of stone formation usually begins when urine becomes overly saturated with substances, such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid. The urine may also lack adequate inhibitors that prevent crystals from sticking together. Several risk factors are commonly associated with kidney stone development:
- Not drinking enough water each day.
- Diets high in sodium, protein, or sugar have been linked to some forms of kidney stones.
- Certain digestive tract conditions and surgical procedures, such as gastric bypass surgery or inflammatory bowel disease, can increase stone risk.
A combination of these factors may interact to increase the likelihood of stones, but the specific cause often varies from person to person.
How Are They Treated?
Treatment for kidney stones is determined by their size, type, and location, as well as the patient’s symptoms and health. Most small stones pass naturally, while larger or obstructive stones may need medical intervention. For small stones, conservative management is often effective. Increasing fluid intake helps flush the urinary system and may facilitate the passage of stones. Pain during passage can be managed with medications, which can be prescribed to help relax the muscles in the ureter.
For larger or problematic kidney stones, additional procedures may be recommended. Medical therapies or non-invasive techniques can be suitable for certain types and locations of stones. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) employs sound waves to break stones into smaller pieces so they can pass more easily. In some cases, a ureteroscope is inserted through the urinary tract to locate and retrieve or break up the stone. Larger stones or those causing persistent issues may require surgical removal through a small incision in the back, a procedure called percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
Confer With a Urology Specialist
Consulting a urology specialist is the best course for accurate assessment and guidance when dealing with kidney stones. Urologists use tests and imaging studies to determine a stone’s type, size, and location. They also aim to identify any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to stone formation. Expert evaluation helps avoid complications associated with untreated or recurrent stones, such as infections. Early and ongoing engagement with a urology expert enables timely management of symptoms and supports long-term urinary health.
